神奇的汙泥魔法 ——美國503汙泥處置法規背後的故事 (三)
(2013-01-18 15:25:42)
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雜談 |
8、汙泥有益健康論
費城的汙泥處置計劃經理William Toffey有過一段十分慷慨激昂的說辭：暴露于汙泥中對你的健康有好處。科學證明所謂“衛生假說”即過去所說的“清潔兒童綜合症”是有道理的，我們的年輕人要是不接觸汙物和糞便，身體就不會産生保護我們免受過敏原和毒素攻擊的免疫反應，如果這孩子太幹淨了，過敏、哮喘和癌症的發生率會更高。我相信的理論是：如果汙泥殺不死你，只會讓你更強壯。……
說這話，首先是承認了汙泥是髒東西，會帶來汙染，但503的神奇之處在于，這汙染還對你的健康有利。一句話：環境汙染無害。如此奇談怪論，我本來以爲只有中國能聽到的。就像有人說常吃毒膠囊、三鹿粉、瘦肉精、地溝油、一滴香、镉大米、石蠟鍋、藥火腿、雙氧翅、陳化糧、增稠蜜、紅心蛋、糖精棗、鋁饅頭、硫銀耳、蘇丹紅、甲醇酒、紙腐竹、硫磺椒、毒米線、避孕鳝……能百毒不侵一樣！
有句老話說：黃鼠狼專咬病鴨子。能夠處置汙泥的地方一定不會在發達的高等社區，就像地溝油也不會進入特供商店一樣。令人感到悲哀的是，弱勢群體總是犧牲者。
9、中國是否要學習美國
一個不得不問的問題是，中國如果也制定一部類似的503，情況會怎樣？
可以先不管我國工業發展水平方面的差距，可以忽略我國高能耗、高汙染工業的比例高所帶來的汙泥中汙染物濃度高的問題，也可以忽略我國因人口多，市政汙泥發生總量比美國多的問題。僅從人口與土地面積方面考慮，這樣做的風險如何呢？
|
|
單位 |
中國 |
美國 |
|
2011年可耕地面積 |
萬平方公裏 |
121.7 |
237.6 |
|
2011鄉村人口 |
億 |
6.6 |
0.5 |
|
人均耕地面積 |
畝/人 |
1.3 |
11.4 |
|
鄉村人口平均耕地面积 |
畝/人 |
2.8 |
69.7 |
|
美國人均耕地占有是中國人的倍数 |
|
|
8.6 |
|
美國鄉村人口占有耕地是中國农村人口的倍数 |
|
|
25.1 |
如果如美國所发生的情况一样，因施用污泥而造成土地污染继而引起周边居民的疫病流行，中國的风险将是美國的数十倍乃至数百倍，因为一些农村的人均耕地连全国鄉村人口平均耕地面积的十分之一都不到。
三、結語
水往低处流。由于土地施用的闸口比焚烧、填埋低得多，因此美國503法規事實上是汙泥土地施用的代名詞。
503的操盤手主要是兩個人：EPA OW水辦的Dr. Alan Rubin，USDA農業部的Dr. Rufus Chaney。EPA和USDA的“精誠合作”，才有了503的出台。
一個傾倒到水體裏對水體有害，焚燒産生煙氣會對空氣有害的物質，如何到了土壤裏就全都如泥牛入海，徹底消失了呢？這是一個常識問題，不是運用數學工具就可以歸零掉的。對此，Rubin博士的說法是：這就是“汙泥魔法”(“Sludge Magic”)。
國內同仁有的已經注意到503存在反對意見（余傑等《汙泥農用在我國汙泥處置中的應用前景分析》），但專家輿論總體上還是贊成汙泥農用、園林綠化的。
早有读者注意到，迄今为止笔者一直避免谈论堆肥，这是因为我觉得堆肥只是土地施用的一种前处理技术，谈论堆肥不可能不谈土壤安全问题，而这是一个非常复杂而严肃的题目。我一向赞同业内同行提出的有机物还田、长期使用化肥可能导致土壤板结、推荐自然生态循环等命题。但读了这么多有关美國503法規的文献后，更觉得审慎是必要的，毕竟中國不像美國，因人口密度问题，我们所面临的风险要大得多。
在迟迟拿不出一部“中國版”503這個問題上，農業部以它的“不作爲”無疑倒是做了一件好事。農業部未必不想“開閘放水”，但汙灌所造成大量農田損害已是不爭的事實，農業部1992、2005兩次提高汙灌標准，想來是事出有因的。
欧盟个别国家已对污泥土地施用采取了禁止的政策，如比利时、卢森堡、挪威和瑞士。对此，我觉得中國也未必需要照搬，毕竟中國有着广大的未受工业污染的小城市和乡镇。
汙泥的土地利用控制指標到底應該怎樣？其實可以做這樣一個簡單比喻：如果按照國標的食用成品油9項指標來評測，地溝油絕對是合格産品。地溝油至今畢竟也沒有“可被科學證實對人體産生危害的案例被記錄”。但爲什麽消費者對地溝油深惡痛絕，在感情上難以接受呢？這應該是常識，而非標准的問題。
503之“過”在于，它采用爲汙泥改名和頒布一套貌似科學實則明修棧道、暗渡陳倉的“標准限值”，想讓公衆相信它是徹底無害和安全的，而沒有采取實事求是、負責的態度告知公衆特別是消費者其風險，從而給環境和少數居民帶來不可逆轉的傷害。
套用證監會和證劵公司撇清責任的一句名言，“股市有風險，投資需謹慎”。誰都知道有風險，但入市的股民還是那麽多，原因在于大家都有自己的判斷，投資者自己一定是看好這個賺錢機會的。汙泥處置也一樣，但這話可能應改成“土地施用有風險，政策制定需謹慎”比較合適。政策如果錯了，退可就退不回來了。成百万公顷被污染的土地如何治理，谁来治理，这可是连美國人都不敢想象的事情。美國EPA之所以使用種種不堪手段來捍衛503，想來就是爲此。成立專門的救火隊，扣押不利的研究結果和論文，與利益集團合力打壓反對者和不同的聲音，僞造數據，大搞禦用僞科學研究，這些似乎已經大大超越了其政府職能。
關于503的研究當然還應該深入下去，相信真相自明，大家都會有自己獨立的判斷。
泥客莊主
2012年8月20日至9月14日
【後記】
本文寫作花了不少時間，看了好幾本書，幾百篇論文，查閱的資料無數。寫完了，心情也久久平靜不下來。最大的感慨是，真正的有良心的環保研究者原來也都是弱勢群體！
在博客版中，我将列出一个详细的参考书目，建议读者自行研究一下。如果你认可本文的分析和观点，应该对那些遭受污染伤害而失去健康甚至生命的人们表示同情，为那些坚持真理进行严肃研究而拒绝充当御用工具的研究者们表示敬意（当然，自己今后也别搞什么“自主”的假发明、假课题、假论文了）。在我心目中这两位是美國环保界的真正英雄：David L. Lewis, Hugh Kaufman.
【主要參考文獻】
法規及相關審查類
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訴訟相關類
The Gatekeepers - A Summary of Court Records in Civil Actions Filed (2007-2011) （Hallman & Wingate, LLC律師事務所編輯作爲呈堂證供的David L. Lewis, Ph.D. , R.A. McElmurray, III and G. William Boyce民事訴訟案事實記錄）
Deadly Deceit - Our Children at Risk from Sewage Sludge – Biosolids （由James W. Bynum等编辑的有关美國污泥土地施用造成健康伤害的网络版资料）
Congressional Testimony of Attorney F. Edwin Hallman, JR. （2004年12月14日國會聽證的證詞）
List of Organizations against Biosolids（2008年4月10日國會聽證68個附簽反對組織名單）
McElmurray Testimony in Senate （2008年09月11日在參議院環境與公共工程委員會聽證會上的證詞）
Environmental Resources & Engery Committee Hearing on Sewage Sludge Testimony of Robert A. (Andy) McElmurray, III.（2009年12月16日在衆議院環境能源委員會聽證會上的證詞）
North District Georgia Atlanta Division Court Order on McElmurray v Augusta County（2006年11月30日）
Middle District Georgia District Court Athens Division Order on Lewis v. Guskin（2007年09月14日）
Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit Order on McElmurray v Augusta Richmond County（2007年10月01日）
Southern District Georgia Court Augusta Division Order on McElmurray v USDA（2008年02月25日）
Middle District of Georgia Athens Division Compel Motion on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年8月21日）
Relators' Response in Opposition to UGA Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年10月30日）
Defendants' Reply in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment on Lewis v Gaskin（2009年11月13日）
Professor_Albert_Page_Declaration（Tulare高級法院2011年9月洛杉矶市起訴克恩縣案證人證詞）
Professor_Charles_Gerba_Declaration（同上）
Professor_Ian_Pepper_Declaration（同上）
科技期刊文獻
以下爲國際科技期刊上發表的有關汙泥土地施用可能産生環境健康影響的研究文獻。因文件名太長和數量太多，不列作者和期刊卷期，應不影響查找。
A critical review of the U.S. EPA’s risk assessment for the land application of sewage sludge
A High-Level Disinfection Standard for Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
A Mass Balance of Tri-Hexabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Lactating Cows
Absorption and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by plants from contaminated sewage sludge
Adsorption of bisphenol-A, 17b-estradiole and 17a-ethinylestradiole to sewage sludge
Aldrin and Dieldrin_ A Review of Research on Their Production, Environmental Deposition and Fate, Bioaccumulation, Toxicology, and Epidemiology in US
An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000
Bioaccumulation of Pharmaceuticals and Other Anthropogenic Waste Indicators in Earthworms from Agricultural Soil Amended With Biosolid or Swine Manure
Cellular and Hormonal Disruption of Fetal Testis Development in Sheep Reared on Pasture Treated with Sewage Sludge
Comparison of two extraction methods for the analysis of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals in digested sewage sludge
Detection of the antimicrobials triclocarban and triclosan in agricultural soils following land application of municipal biosolids
Determination of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Treated Soil Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction
Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Biosolids using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Liquid Chromatography_Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Determination of the persistence of pharmaceuticals in biosolids using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Dioxin Photoproducts of Triclosan and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Sediment Cores
Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products
Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils
Emission Rates and Characterization of Aerosols Produced During the Spreading of Dewatered Class B Biosolids
Environmental Exposure Assessment of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents from Sewage to Soil
Environmental Exposure Of Aquatic And Terrestrial Biota To Triclosan And Triclocarban
Evidence for Bioavailability of Au Nanoparticles from Soil and Biodistribution within Earthworms (Eisenia fetida)
Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain
Evidence of Debromination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) in Biota from a Wastewater Receiving Stream
Exposure to a Complex Cocktail of Environmental Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds Disturbs the Kisspeptin_GPR54 System in Ovine Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Flame-Retardants and Other Organohalogens Detected in Sewage Sludge by Electron Capture Negative Ion Mass Spectrometry
Have Risks Associated with the Presence of Synthetic Organic Contaminants in Land-Applied Sewage Sludges Been Adequately Addressed
Health Survey of Residents Living Near Farm Fields Permitted to Receive Biosolids
Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals as a Pathway for Aquatic Contamination in the United Kingdom
Impact of sewage sludge conditioning and dewatering on the fate of nonylphenol in sludge-amended soils
Impacts of Climate Change on Indirect Human Exposure to Pathogens and Chemicals from Agriculture
Interactions of Pathogens and Irritant Chemicals In Land-Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids)
Investigation of Alleged Health Incidents Associated With Land Application Of Sewage Sludges
Measurement of flame retardants and triclosan in municipal sewage sludge and biosolids
Measurement Strategies for the Determination of Airborne Bacterial Endotoxin in Sewage Treatment Plants
Nanomaterials - Transformation of Silver Nanoparticles in Sewage Sludge
Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics
Nanowastes and the environment_ Potential new waste management paradigm
Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupters in Greek sewage treatment plants
Occurrence and Fate of Perfluorochemicals in Soil Following the Land Application of Municipal Biosolids
Occurrence and loss over three years of 72 pharmaceuticals and personal care products from biosolidsesoil mixtures in outdoor mesocosms
Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment
Organic Chemicals in Sewage Sludges
Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge (Biosolids)
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Swedish Sewage Treatment Plants
Partitioning, Persistence, and Accumulation in Digested Sludge of the Topical Antiseptic Triclocarban during Wastewater Treatment
Persistence of Pathogenic Prion Protein during Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes
Persistent pollutants in land applied sludges
Pharmaceutical compounds in the wastewater process stream in Northwest Ohio
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived U.S. biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000_ a national reconnaissance
Plasticizers and their degradation products in the process streams of a large urban physicochemical sewage treatment plant
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in Australian Sewage Sludge
Potential for Increased Human Foodborne Exposure to PCDD_F When Recycling Sewage Sludge on Agricultural Land
Primary Prevention Of Chemical Contamination
Public officials' perspectives on tracking and investigating symptoms reported near sewage sludge land application sites
Raking through sludge exposes stink_ Environmental Protection Agency scientists accused of fabricating data about health effects of fertilizer
Regulating the Fate of Pharmaceutical Drugs_ A New Prescription for the Environment
Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant_ Influence of Agglomeration and Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency
Screening the Environmental Fate of Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges Applied to Agricultural Soils
Sewage Sludge - Looking Upstream_ The Precautionary Principle
Sewers, Sewage Treatment, Sludge_ Damage Without End
Steroid Hormone Runoff from Agricultural Test Plots Applied with Municipal Biosolids
Stuck in the mud - The Environmental Protection Agency must gather data on the toxicity of spreading sewage sludge
Survey of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Biosolids Destined for Land Application
Tainted by Cleanser - Antimicrobial agent persists in sludge
The Dirty Work of Promoting “Recycling” of America’s Sewage Sludge
Toward a Consensus View on the Infectious Risks Associated with Land Application of Sewage Sludge
Toward Identifying the Next Generation of Superfund and Hazardous Waste Site Contaminants
Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils - has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks
Unexpected Role of Activated Carbon in Promoting Transformation of Secondary Amines to N-Nitrosamines
Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants – A case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater
Uptake of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by Soybean Plants from Soils Applied with Biosolids and Irrigated with Contaminated Water
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish sewage sludge
其它文獻
這裏列出的文章爲非正式紙質科技出版物的科技評論或相關信息。
503 Biosolids Pathogens [BioVir Lab]
Biosolids Law 2011 – Challenges to Beneficial Use [November 10, 2011 Beveridge & Diamond at NEBRA Annual Meeting]
Biosolids Require Balanced Perspective [Herschel A. Elliott]
Case for Caution Revisited - Health and Environmental Impacts of Application of Sewage Sludges to Agricultural Land [Cornell]
Comments on 1996 Review of National Academy of Science [Cornell].doc
Considerations for Dairy Farms Regarding Use of Sewage Sludges, Sludge Products and Septage [Cornell]
Cornell Comments to US EPA regarding Dioxin Standards for Land Applied Sewage Sludges
Dumping Sewage Sludge On Organic Farms [EWG Policy Analysis]
Future of Biosolids [Dr Ian Pepper, AZ Water, May 2011]
Guidelines for Application of Sewage Biosolids to Agricultural Lands in the Northeastern U.S. [Cornell]]
Health Effects of Biosolids Applied to Land - Available Scientific Evidence [Epidemiologists' individual]
Land application of sewage sludges - an appraisal of the US regulations [Cornell]
Organic Contaminants from Sewage Sludge Applied to Agricultural Soils [Sweden]
Sewage Sludge Biosolids - A Health and Environmental Crisis and Scandal [Perelandra Health Watch]
